Patti Smith was the high priestess of punk, an outlaw with God on her mind,
who re-invented the role of women in rock. That was 20 years ago. Now, a
50-year-
Patti Smith's return to the British stage after a gap of 18 years bore the
comic timing of Tommy Cooper. Having struggled to find the gap in the
backdrop curtain that would deliver her face-
Regarding her role in that much-
I think that the things that produce poets, that internal thing that
produced Genet, or Artaud, or Michelangelo -- and I'm not comparing myself
to those people, of course -- has more to do with God and less to do with
the suburbs. I think we have to be grateful to the middle classes and the
suburbs for keeping the planet going, and we can't blame them for
producing a bunch of crazy alienated artists. I think God does that; I
don't think the suburbs does it. There. Ain't I brilliant? Well, not
brilliant. Just fairly intelligent.
My father wasn't necessarily an atheist, but between him and my mother
there was a lot of expansive territory, and so the idea of God was
constantly being discussed in our household. And so it was a very
stimulating household. And now my father's a Jehovah's Witness! He's
nearly 80 years old, he explored nearly every arena, and he's wound up
agreeing with my mother!
And, you know, I really think that great art is seductive on various
levels. You don't have to be able to understand it; I mean, if you're
touched by it or you feel any kind of cerebral response, it's done its
work. I couldn't tell you what Pollock meant in 'Blue Poles' -- it's not
necessary. I don't really know what Bob Dylan was talking about in
'Desolation Row,' but it doesn't really matter. I'm not an analysing type.
But an artist's gifts have nothing to do with external factors like drugs
or alcohol or anything like that. You can have a great night or a weird
night, or some kind of experience through drugs or alcohol, and you can
write about it -- but it ain't going to make you nuthin' but a physical
wreck.
Written in 1970, and later recorded as a B-side, "Piss Factory," with its
powerful opening line, "Sixteen and time to pay off, I got this job in a
piss factory inspecting pipe", was both a cri de coeur and a de profundis;
it drew its strength from social realism as opposed to hallucinations, and
empowered its language with local vernacular as opposed to romantic
poetry.
But in 'Piss Factory' I wasn't trying to represent any punk-
Genet was obviously a man who was so gifted, and born with a certain
calling. We don't know who his father was, we don't know, genetically,
where his gifts might have come from; we know very little about his
mother, and so we can't trace certain things. So they came from within
him, from God, and when I say God I'm not discounting Buddha or Allah or
any of 'em. But he was a crappy thief. He wanted to be on the outside of
society but he was actually very intelligent and very aristocratic -- I
think he was like the son of Proust. He liked to romanticise himself and
imagine he was one with the brotherhood of thieves -- but what did he
steal? He stole some rare books and some silk to make fancy shirts, and he
got caught and got life in prison. And the thing with Genet that tormented
him most was that he never really knew where his gifts came from. One day
he's writing a letter on this beautiful sheet of paper, and instead of
just writing, 'I'm in prison in Spain; wish you were here,' he starts
elaborating about the texture of this white paper, and all of a sudden
he's really writing, and he realises he knows how to write. I think all
artists seem to have a lot of conflicting values. With Genet, a part of
him loved luxury and fancy silk shirts; the other was a complete bum.
When all the controversy happened after Robert died, people often asked me
what he would think about it. And I know, knowing Robert the way I did,
that if he had a photograph on the wall that offended most people -- of the
distended organ of a black man, for instance -- he would say, 'All right,
take it down,' and put up an equally offensive photograph of a rose.
Because all of his work was interchangeable. He was an artist, not a
politician.
When I started writing these sets of prose poems [The Coral Sea], I drew
on all of the different things I knew of him as an artist and as a human
being. It wasn't hard to write; I was grateful for being able to write it
because Robert had a very strong work ethic and our friendship was very
work-
After a stint at CBGBs and a brief mini-tour of California, the basis of
the Patti Smith Group returned to New York, where they brought in Ivan
Kral and Jay Dee Daugherty. The buzz buzzed and they were offered a deal
with Arista, their first album, Horses, being produced by the former viola
player of the Velvet Underground, John Cale.
Reviewing Tom Verlaine's group Television in the October 1974 issue of Rock
Scene, under the title "Learning To Stand Naked," Smith had written, "In the
Sixties we had the Stones, Yardbirds, Love and Velvet Underground.
Performers moved by cold images. They didn't hide behind an image, they
were the image." Now, with Mapplethorpe's stark, self-assured portrait of
her on the cover of Horses, the same could be said of Patti Smith. This
cover image was seen to shake rock's perception of gender, and -- as much,
almost, as the record -- came to define a super-cool punk androgyny.
And Robert liked taking pictures in natural light, and he had very little
equipment then. The Horses cover came from 12 photographs that Robert
took. He thought it had dignity, but he was also trying to take a picture
of a triangle of light that you can see on the image. He wanted me to look
good, of course, but he was a photographer first and foremost, and he was
trying to get the best picture of that triangle. Me? I just wanted to look
cool. I wasn't trying to do anything. I know people would like to think
that we got together to break boundaries of politics and gender, but we
didn't really have time for that -- we were really too busy trying to pull
enough money together to buy lunch.
In this sense, Patti Smith's rebellion through honesty -- in terms of
denying the male control of her body as an image -- resembled the bravery
of the bodybuilder Lisa Lyon, whom Mapplethorpe also photographed
extensively, and who revolutionised the world of bodybuilding by kicking
off the high-
Pitched between bearing witness to a living God and proclaiming her violent
apostasy, Smith's records and performances can be seen as a struggle with
the faith she'd learned as a child -- an acting out of the "expansive
territory" between her Christian mother and her doubting father. As the
American conceptualist and critic Dan Graham was to write of her in 1979,
in his essay "Punk: Political Pop" for the Southern California Art Journal:
"She speculated on a new definition of 'female', redefining women's
subservient position in rock. Variously, she projected herself as lesbian,
androgyne, martyr, priestess, female God."
On the night of January 26,
1977, Patti Smith fell 12 feet from the stage during a performance in
Tampa, Florida, cracking two vertebrae in her neck. In Clinton Heylin's
book From The Velvets To The Voidoids, she is quoted as describing her fall
(and the word becomes a pun on its Christian usage):
I remember quite clearly, in 1977, when I had fractured my neck and was
out of action for a while, some young people from CBGBs dropped by with a
magazine to show to me. They'd put me on the cover as their get-
I thought the Sex Pistols were great dressers who had great energy but
were really spoiled kids. I liked them, though. When things look pretty
fucked-
Fred died of heart failure on November 4, 1994, having co-written much of
the new album, Gone Again, and now Patti Smith is having to adjust to what
amounts to a new life -- artistically, spiritually and as a single mother
with two children.
And now he's gone. He's with me spiritually but I'm here on physical
earth, and it's been a long time since I talked about myself. When I was
younger I used to either joke around with journalists or really try to
articulate my presumptuous philosophies. But now it's different; I'm not
as fascinated with myself as I was then. I'm very proud of my new record,
and I wouldn't put it out unless I was. The last thing I want to do is
inflict a piece of mediocre art on the planet. But I've also, as a single
mother of two children, got practical reasons I've never had to consider
before. I still have a part to play in rock 'n' roll, and I'll do that,
but I'd love to write a book that people would read and say was good.
And there's a lot of people who feel alone, and I know how that feels. I
was like the joke at school; I was real skinny, people made fun of me all
the time. I didn't have nice clothes. But I learned to turn that around,
because I had one thing that those other kids didn't have, and that was a
pretty good self-
The Seventies.
When I think of them now I think of one great film in which I played a
part. A bit part. But a part nonetheless that I shall never play again.
But Smith's "bit part," fronting the Patti Smith Group, was more of a
starring role. Her one hit single, "Because The Night" (1978), has been
largely eclipsed by the enduring respect, closer to reverence, for her
first three albums: Horses (1975), Radio Ethiopia (1976) and Easter
(1979). In addition to this, she has published four collections of her
poetry, and started work on a novel. She retired from performing, although
not from writing, in 1979. Now, 50 years old, the mother of two children,
and widowed last year, after 15 years of marriage to Fred "Sonic" Smith of
the seminal rock group the MC5, Patti Smith has a biography that contains
all of the tragedy and romance that marks out a bohemian legend. She's
been described as a visionary and an iconoclast, but she has no interest
in playing the high priestess of punk rock -- which was a role she never
really wanted in the first place. Rather, she is a realist, intent on
dismantling the myths that surround her and replacing them with a less
heated assessment of her worth and presence as a primarily literary
figure.
Fitting people into a formula is just another act of jerking off, but I
can't say I don't find it interesting. I used to be a lot more rebellious
about all that stuff. If you'd asked me about it in the past, I'd have
said it was all bullshit, but one thing I learned in the Eighties, mostly
through the breadth, compassion and intelligence of my late husband, was
how to appreciate, even with humour, all the different ways people
conceive, translate or digest things. And so I guess it's all interesting,
it's all good -- it all keeps the planet going. But I have to tell you,
some girl sent me her doctoral thesis, relating my work to Rimbaud, and I
didn't understand a word of what she was talking about. I was honoured
that she'd spent all that time analysing and considering my work, and even
considering it next to the work of someone I greatly admire -- but it's not
really my beat. It's just great that people keep on pursuing things. I
mean, I'd rather see someone write a worthless, 900-
With her high cheekbones, her greying,
Indian-
I was moved from Chicago to Philadelphia when I was about three or four
years old, and then to southern New Jersey when I was about nine or ten. I
wasn't really raised so much in the suburbs as in a fairly rural community
-- a sort of lower-
Smith's mother was a Jehovah's
Witness, and her father a non-
I think that I was really lucky in my parents to be offered those totally
opposed poles. My mother taught me to pray when I was, like,
two-
Within the mythology of Patti Smith, it has
often been said that she had hallucinations, whose form and residue
enabled the stream-
When I was 16, I really wanted a boyfriend. And I didn't like the way the
boys looked in the neighbourhood: they didn't really appeal to me. And so
then I found a copy of Illuminations and he was on the cover and he was
just my kind of guy. So I really got the book because I looked at him and
it was love at first sight. I opened it up and I read it, and I have to
admit that I couldn't really comprehend or decode what he wrote. But my
instinct and whatever ability I have to feel knew that the writing was
beautiful. Even in translation, I was seduced by the language.
Having majored in art at Deptford High, Smith was offered a
partial scholarship to the Philadelphia Art Museum. Her parents were
unable to make up the shortfall in the fees, so she went off to the
Glassboro State Teachers College to study to become an art teacher. It was
here, according to the legend, that she found a tutor called Paul Flick
who instilled in her (or authorised, with the benign superiority of a
trusted teacher) the deeper Rimbaudian values of the relationship between
outcasts, criminals and artists. Working through her vacations at a
factory, prior to dropping out from Glassboro, Smith was faced with the
choice -- emphasised by the brutal cul-
'Piss Factory' was written in reaction . . . Where I was brought up in South
Jersey, there wasn't much work. In terms of getting a job, you either
worked at the glass factory or you went to this other factory -- that I
wound up in -- where you made mattresses or children's buggies. It was
non-
"Piss Factory" closes,
prophetically, with the desperate avowal: "I'm gonna get on that train and
go to New York and I'm gonna be so bad, I'm gonna be a big star and I will
never return never return no never return to burn out in this Piss
Factory." Both Lou Reed and Robert Mapplethorpe were children of the
suburbs, and "Piss Factory" can be seen as echoing the brittle determination
of countless provincial and suburban romantics. Smith's flight from
Woodbury, New Jersey, to New York City in the late Sixties, sleeping rough
until her Cocteauesque relationship with the young Robert Mapplethorpe,
during which they struggled against desperate conditions to realise their
respective dreams as poet and photographer, has all of the qualities of a
19th-
I think that we're polarised people, raised to be polarised -- good and
evil, life and death. With my earliest writing . . . Well, I aspired. I
remember reading Little Women when I was a kid, and the character Jo, she
was the rebellious sort, y'know, and she writes in the attic all day
instead of cleaning, and that appealed to me. And I did dream of being a
writer, but it's a lifetime's work and some people have to work a lot
harder. I mean, some people, they have gifts that immediately flower, you
have someone like Rimbaud or Genet and they just . . . they find out that
they're gifted on Monday and write a masterpiece on Tuesday; but others
of us have to really plug away, and I guess I'm one of those.
In the young Robert Mapplethorpe -- then sexually confused and seeking his
artistic identity within that sexual confusion -- Smith had found her soul
twin, spiritual brother and part-
Robert was really a true artist, a pure artist. He had a true artist's
calling, and I can say that with some authority since I knew him from when
he was 20 and saw the history of his development. If he's being used
politically right now, that won't endure -- his work is being perceived in
a narrow way. Robert's concern was always with composition and light. That
was his pure motivation. Whether it was a picture of a man pissing in
another man's mouth, or of a flower, or a portrait, Robert had the same
motivation -- he was looking at the composition and the lighting. He always
considered all of his work to be of equal merit and strength, no matter
what the subject.
A chance meeting with Lenny Kaye (then a music journalist
who worked in a record shop) and the recruitment of Richard "DNV" Sohl
gave Smith the basis of a group to support musically her readings and
improvisations. In keeping with the informality of the underground, there
was no formal decision to start a group, but they did produce the single
"Hey Joe" in 1974, backed with "Piss Factory." Smith used "Hey Joe" to retell
the story of the Patty Hearst kidnapping, and the whole project was funded
by Mapplethorpe.
People
have made a lot of stuff about the Horses cover, but a lot of what we do
is bred on innocence. How people interpret it is up to them. I thought of
myself as a poet and a performer, and so how did I dress? I didn't have
much money; I liked to dress like Baudelaire. I looked at a picture of him
and he was dressed, like, with this ribbon or tie and a white shirt. I
wasn't thinking that I was going to break any boundaries. I just like
dressing like Baudelaire.
The rock industry (as much as any
other more conservative industry) had been notoriously sexist throughout
the Sixties and Seventies, expecting women to be the passive squaws of
patriarchal hippy men, and content in their roles as either "chicks" or
"ladies." Smith, light years away from either the West Coast introspection
of a singer-
That
collaboration between Lisa Lyon and Robert was brilliant. It was kind of
different to how I worked with Robert. I wasn't a very generous model, and
our photographs were based on a different kind of trust. I wouldn't dress
up for him; I wouldn't lie naked on a rock, covered with clay, like Lisa
Lyon did. We took very direct photographs, almost completely based on
friendship. And the collaboration between Robert and Lisa was about a
different thing: him as an artist and her as a bodybuilder, and that
being her art. Being comfortable displaying her body, she was like clay
for him, dressing up in veils or fancy hats.
Smith's particular brand of
punk rock was a form of mystical theatre in which, as she famously put it,
"Three-
I was doing my most
intense number, 'Ain't It Strange,' a song where I directly challenge God to
talk to me in some way. It's after a part where I spin like a dervish and
I say 'Hand of God I feel the finger, Hand of God I start to whirl, Hand
of God I don't get dizzy. Hand of God I do not fall now.' But I fell . . .
For a woman whose first album had begun with the line, "Jesus died for
somebody's sins but not mine", it seemed as though Patti Smith had finally
got her answer from God. The fall marked the beginning of her retirement
from rock, and in June 1980, at a final performance in Detroit's Masonic
Temple, she bid her adieu by reading Chapter 25 of the Gospel according to
Saint Matthew, which deals with Christ's resurrection. And, even if one
dismisses Dan Graham's esoteric line that Patti Smith combines the
trance-
I don't know if I'm real conscious of what I'm doing when I'm doing it.
Take a song like our Rock 'N' Roll Nigger, for instance. Consciously, I
was trying to give a new meaning to an old word whose meaning had become
unacceptable. It's like the word 'punk'. When I was a small girl, 'punk'
was a very negative term. If you called someone a punk it meant that they
were stupid, or a jerk. Then, in America at least, in the Seventies, punk
translated into something very intelligent and very philosophical. I'm not
talking about the trappings and the clothing, but the actual meaning of
the word. Whoever invented the punk movement -- which certainly wasn't
myself -- shifted the old meaning.
In the Eighties, happily married to Fred "Sonic"
Smith and raising her children in a suburb of Detroit, Smith continued to
write, but withdrew almost completely from the limelight. She released an
album, Dream Of Life, in 1988, but most of her creative energy was spent
on preparing her Early Work and Woolgathering collections of poetry for
publication. For the best part of a decade, she enjoyed a comparatively
quiet and private life, until a rash of harrowing bereavements took away
her best friend Robert Mapplethorpe, her brother Todd and her beloved
husband Fred.
I am definitely on another plane, but I don't know how much of that can be
attributed to mysticism, or even intelligence. A lot of it's to do with
grief. So part of my elevation, if it is an elevation, is to do with that.
I think of my new songs as gifts from Fred -- his last gifts to me. When he
died, my abilities magnified through him. At this point in my life, I'm
trying to rediscover who I might be. I'd been a wife for 15 years, and my
husband and I were very entwined; a lot of who I perceived myself to be
was an extension of him.
Gone Again, and Smith's return to performing, show a woman who is all of
the things that her legend claims -- almost despite herself. The myth
remains intact. She is a transmitter, a shaman and an artist with a
violent calling. And she's 50 years old. Watching her again after 15
years, there is no sense that this is simply another professional pension
plan. Rather, she is bound to a spiritual path that gives her no choice
but to continue her conversation with God. Less heated, perhaps, but still
with some business to settle.
It's my romance with the New Testament. Who was Jesus out to get? The
thieves and the whores. He was looking to get the lowest of the low; he
was looking to help the lepers to pray for themselves. They didn't need to
go to these fancy scribes and Pharisees, and, like, bring a lamb or a gold
shekel and say, 'Will you say a prayer for me?' He was saying, 'If you
want to talk to God, you can talk for free: mention my name -- you're in.'
And, of course, I'm not saying I have that directive, but I was really
looking to inspire a cast of people -- and that cast was the miscast.
Patti Smith's new album, Gone Again, is released on Arista on July 1. Patti
Smith & Friends will be performing at the Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow on
August 5; Labbat's Apollo, Manchester, August 6; and Shepherd's Bush
Empire, London, August 7 and 8.
Copyright © Michael Bracewell 1996
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